FAST-US-7 U.S. Popular Culture Papers

Images of Popularity in Selected High School Movies:
Myth vs Reality?

Rosamaaria Perttola, Spring 2010 (UK)
A FAST-US-7 United States Popular Culture Paper
Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere


In recent years numerous films regarding the lifestyles of American high school students have been released. The films often present high school as an institution with strict social structures and norms, each student being categorized into a certain group or clique, having a specified social status in the community. The cliques vary a great deal according to which movie is observed, but one thing always holds true: in each film there is tiny group of students who are generally acknowledged to be at the very top of the social ladder, high above everyone else. These are the popular students.

Popularity in high school films is not a simple concept, since the ”popular” students as portrayed in the films are not always the most well-liked. So what is popularity according to high school films? What kind of characteristics can be attributed to ”popular” students? Can the way that high school films define popularity be verified in real life?

Movies Selected for Analysis

Three different high school-themed movies were selected as research material for this paper: 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), Mean Girls (2004) and Clueless (1995). These films were chosen because they all deal with the concept of popularity in some way, thus being relevant with regard to this paper. In addition, each film portrays high school and popularity as they have been perceived at slightly different times; Clueless was released in 1995, Mean Girls in 2004, and 10 Things I Hate About You approximately in between. This temporal inclusiveness allows a more comprehensive look at the concept of popularity.

The following sections present an overview of each film's plotline.

10 Things I Hate About You

10 Things I Hate About You is a modern retelling of William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.

Cameron James is a new student at Padua High School. On his first day he falls desperately in love with the beautiful and popular Bianca Stratford. However, Cameron's friend Michael informs him that due to her high status Bianca is out of reach for Cameron. In addition, Bianca is not allowed to date at all until her older sister does. Bianca's sister, Kat, who is a social outcast and an ardent feminist, finds the idea of dating nothing short of repulsive. It therefore seems impossible that Cameron should ever get a chance to go out with Bianca.

However, Cameron and Michael will not be discouraged, and together they concoct a plan: they are going to find a boy who is willing to date Kat, thus clearing the path for Cameron and Bianca. After going through several candidates, Cameron and Michael decide on a boy named Patrick Verona, an outcast with a wild reputation. Cameron tries to ask Patrick for his assistance, but has no luck.

Finally Michael suggests that they go to Joey Donner, a popular rich boy who is also interested in Bianca, and ask him to pay Patrick to take Kat out. Joey agrees and consults Patrick, who accepts the offer. Although Kat is initially irritated by Patrick's attempts to get to know her, she eventually warms up to him, and Cameron's plan begins to progress.

The idea that 10 Things I Hate About You conveys about popularity is that there is an invisible fence between popular and unpopular students that sometimes seems nearly impossible to cross; as a popular student Bianca Stratford is unreachable for Cameron, who is considered to be of lower social status; when the unpopular Michael first addresses Joey, a popular student, and sits at his table in the cafeteria, Joey initially thinks that Michael is lost because it is unheard-of for an unpopular student to share a table with students of high social status.

Mean Girls

Cady Heron, whose parents are zoologists and who has been home-schooled in Africa nearly her entire life, is about to begin a new life as a high school student at North Shore High School. Cady soon makes friends with Janis and Damian, two social outcasts who introduce her to the complicated social world of high school. Cady learns that three girls are at the top of the social ladder: Regina George, Gretchen Wieners, and Karen Smith, who are also known as The Plastics.

One day, by chance, Cady gets acquainted with The Plastics. Regina, who is the group's queen bee, takes a liking to Cady and invites her to have lunch with The Plastics for the rest of the week. When Cady tells Janis and Damian about her acquaintance with The Plastics, Janis is thrilled. She encourages Cady to spend as much time with The Plastics as she can, and subsequently amuse Janis with all the stupid things that The Plastics have said and done.

As Cady spends more and more time with The Plastics, she gradually starts to become one of them. She gets entangled in the manipulation and the two-faced intriguing of The Plastics' world. Soon she finds herself balancing between her different friends; Janis wants Cady's help in destroying Regina's dominance, but Cady is just starting to enjoy her new elite status.

Cady loses herself in the mixed-up relationships, and eventually she is forced to slow down and find out who she really is. Mean Girls concentrates on the negative impact that popularity can have on a student; Cady is blinded by the power that comes with her newfound high social status and learns how to manipulate and control other people while completely forgetting about her true friends.

Clueless

Clueless is loosely based on Jane Austen's famous novel Emma.

Cher Horowitz is attractive, popular and rich, and enjoys a high social status at her high school. She is best friends with the equally attractive and popular Dionne Davenport: they are close because they both know what it's like to have people be jealous of them. Cher's world revolves around fashion and new clothes. One of the few people in Cher's life who criticize her superficial lifestyle is her ex-stepbrother Josh, a socially conscious college student who aspires to become an environmental lawyer. Josh suggests that for once Cher might use her popularity for a good cause and make some kind of a contribution.

Cher soon gets her chance to practice philanthropy when she takes a new student, Tai Frasier, under her wing: Tai is hopelessly unfashionable and generally a little rough around the edges, so Cher sets on a mission to improve Tai. As a part of this mission, Cher does everything in her power to get Tai together with the most popular boy in school, Elton. Everything seems to be going well, until it turns out that Elton actually isn't interested in Tai at all, but has had his eye on Cher from the start. Romantic mishaps ensue, but in the end everything comes together in a happy way.

Similarly to Mean Girls, Clueless also addresses the negative ways a person can be influenced by popularity; as Tai gradually becomes the most popular girl in school, she loses her candidness and kindness and becomes colder and more conceited.

Popularity On Screen

In the world of high school movies, popular students form a special clique of their own: they are at the top of the social ladder, recognised by everybody as a higher cast. They are socially privileged and have a remarkable amount of power in the community. In Mean Girls, The Plastics are compared to real world celebrities:

They're teen royalty. If North Shore 1 was US Weekly 2, they would always be on the cover. (Scene 2)

According to the three films examined for this paper, there are two distinctive elements that are always connected to being popular: first, popular students are famous. Everybody knows who they are and what they do. Being popular means being the centre of public attention. This is how Cady describes popularity in Mean Girls:

Being with The Plastics was like being famous. People looked at you all the time and everybody just knew stuff about you. (Scene 8)

The second attribute that is usually given to popular students is that they only associate with other popular students. Popularity is rather easily fractured; just talking to someone who is considered to be at the bottom of the social scale can damage a popular student's reputation. In 10 Things I Hate About You, Bianca actually forbids her own sister, who is a social outcast, to address her in public. In Clueless, Dionne is sceptical about Cher's plan to befriend the unpopular Tai:

Cher: Dee, my mission is clear. Would you look at that girl! She's so adorably clueless. We have got to adopt her.
Dionne: Cher, she is toe-up. Our stock would plummet. (Scene 5)

A strict separation between popular students and everybody else seems to be one of the most important social rules in high school. It is acknowledged and followed on both sides of the barrier. In 10 Things I Hate About You, Michael warns Cameron about trying to affiliate with the popular students:

Over there, we've got your basic beautiful people. Now listen, unless they talk to you first, don't bother.
(Scene 1)

On the other hand, being noticed by a popular student can upgrade one's social status remarkably. In Clueless, Cher and Dionne explain to Tai that being associated with them gives her a great deal of social credibility. Furthermore, 10 Things I Hate About You includes the following piece of dialogue between the popular Joey and the unpopular Michael:

Joey: What's in it for you?
Michael: Hey – I'm walking down the hall and say hello to you. You say hello to me.
Joey: Yeah, yeah. I get it. You're cool by association. (Scene 4)

According to the three films, a popular student is always physically attractive. The most popular girl in school could be described as being flawless, fierce, and glamorous. Popular students are the fashion icons of their school; their style is admired and copied by other students. In Mean Girls, an unpopular girl declares:

I saw Cady Heron wearing army pants and flip-flops, so I bought army pants and flip-flops. (Scene 8)

In addition, popular students are nearly always at least fairly wealthy. It can be assumed that being rich means being able to do all kinds of favours for one's friends, and thus perhaps being able to buy one's way to popularity. In Clueless, the most popular boy in the school, Elton, also happens to be the son of a very rich and influential man:

Tai: Who's Elton?
Dionne: Oh my god, he's way popular. He's like the social director of the crew.
Cher: Yeah, and his dad can get you into any concert. (Scene 6)

However, while popular students are constantly under public attention and their company is widely desired because of its beneficial effect on one's social status, they do not appear to be genuinely liked as people. Often the popular students in the films are associated with adjectives like mean, conceited, and snotty. Cher in Clueless is an exception to this rule as she is generally well-liked by everyone (although Cher's stepbrother Josh does accuse her of being a ”superficial space-cadet”).

In 10 Things I Hate About You, Bianca is perceived to be arrogant, attention-seeking, and not very bright. In Mean Girls, the most popular girls in school are called The Plastics because their appearance and conduct is cold, shiny, and hard – like plastic. At the end of the film, Cady and Janis have a heated argument after Cady has abandoned her old friends to become popular:

Cady: You know what? It's not my fault that you're like in love with me or something!
Janis: What? See, that's the thing with you Plastics. You think everybody is in love with you, when actually, everybody hates you. (Scene 12)

On the basis of these three movies, it can be concluded that popularity in films is a contradictory concept: on the one hand, popular students are admired and their company is sought. They have a high status in the community and remarkable social influence. On the other hand, they are not necessarily liked as people; one does not have to be friendly or trustworthy to be popular. Being popular does not always mean being the most well-liked.

Furthermore, it is suggested in the films that it is not always easy being the popular student. A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity. Often friendships inside the popular clique are rather superficial and almost two-faced; all interaction between people is an elaborate charade created to keep up the compulsory social structures. In each of the three films, a popular student's personal preferences and wishes do not necessarily have anything to do with the way they live their lives; their choices are mostly determined by the expectations of the rest of the social community.

Myth Vs. Reality

According to the three films analyzed in this paper, the following things may be said about popular students: they are well-known throughout their school but only associate with students inside the popular clique; they are affluent, attractive, and fashionable; and they have a strong influence within their respective social communities. On the other hand, their fellow students often consider them to be conceited and even mean-spirited, and they have few genuine friends.

In order to determine the authenticity of the image of popularity in the three films, an online questionnaire [PDF] was developed to solicit responses from U.S. high school students and recent graduates from several regions of the United States 3. The questionnaire was available during the ten-day period between the 8th and the 18th of April 2010. A total of 58 responses were received from seven U.S. states: California, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York and Texas.

The respondents were asked to give their gender and high school class; or, if they had already graduated, the year of their graduation. They were also asked to describe popularity and popular students as well as assess the truthfulness of several statements on popularity that were based on the three films analyzed for this paper 4. The answers were hoped to provide a realistic point of comparison to the cinematic representation of ”popularity.”

Basic Information: Gender, High School Class Or Graduation Year, School Name And Region

Out of the 58 respondents, 28 (48%) were male and 29 (50%) were female; in one response gender was not identified.

The majority of the 58 respondents, 33 or circa 57%, were senior students. Six (10%) respondents were junior students, and nineteen (33%) respondents had already graduated from high school. This diversity, even if a relatively small sampling, provides different perspectives on the subject; a person who is still in high school might have a different take on popularity than a person who has already graduated a few years ago and is looking back to his or her high school years.

The respondents were asked to give their high school's name and also the city and state the school was situated in. To ensure the respondents' privacy, only the respondents' home states are indicated in this paper. Out of the 58 respondents, 34 (58%) were from California; 11 (19%) from Missouri; 4 (7%) from Maryland and Massachusetts [e.g. 2 from each]; 3 (5%) from Connecticut; and 1 each (2%) from New York and Texas.

Therefore, although a clear majority of the respondents came from the West coast, the Southwest, Midwest, and Northeast were also represented. In the regional comparison of the answers, the responses were divided into the following four categories: California, Missouri, the Northeastern states, and Texas. Maryland is included to the Northeastern states because of its close proximity to them in order to simplify the processing of the responses.

Question 1: According to many films which depict recent American high school life, the following characteristics are typical of 'popular' students. On the basis of your high school experience, which would you associate with students you felt were 'popular'? What other characteristics would you suggest instead of, or in addition to, those listed above?

In the first question, the following list of eight different characteristics typical of popular students in high school films was presented: attractive, affluent, socially influential, well-known, fashionable, superficial, conceited, and unkind. The respondents were asked to choose the characteristics in the list that fit their own, personal idea of a ”popular” student. They were also given the chance to include other characteristics that were not on the list.

Out of the eight characteristics, well-known, attractive, and socially influential were most often associated with a popular student: well-known was chosen by 52 respondents (90%), attractive by 37 respondents (64%), and socially influential by 36 respondents (62%). Popular students were thought be fashionable by 26 respondents (45%). Conceited got 15 votes (26%), affluent got 14 votes (24%), and superficial got 12 votes (21%). Unkind was least associated with popular students; it was chosen by only 9 respondents (16%).

There were some regional differences in the responses; well-known was associated with popular students by over 90% of the respondents in both California and the Northeastern states, but by only 64% in Missouri. This divergence might be connected to the small size of the Missouri school, which several respondents commented on; in a relatively small school where practically everyone knows everyone, students are less likely to perceive a certain student or group as particularly ”well-known.” This familiarity might also be the reason why none of the Missouri respondents chose superficial; this is presumably a characteristic more often associated with a person whom one does not personally know, or knows only ”superficially.”

California differed from the other areas in that altogether 21% of the Californian respondents chose unkind as a characteristic typical of popular students, while in Missouri and the Northeastern states it was chosen by only 9% and 8%, respectively. In Texas it was not chosen at all. Otherwise all areas were rather similar in their responses.

There were some differences between male and female respondents; the characteristics well-known, fashionable and superficial were clearly chosen more often by female than male respondents. Also, while no male respondents chose unkind, altogether 31% of female respondents thought it to be a typical characteristic of a popular student.

In addition to the ready-made list, there were also many other characteristics, both positive and negative, concerning both personality and behaviour, that were suggested by the respondents themselves. Most commonly the respondents characterized popular students as outgoing, nice, smart, and athletic. Being active in sports or some other social extracurricular was also thought to be typical of popular students. Negative attributes, such as immature or selfish, were suggested by a few respondents.

The most notable difference in responses between regions was that athletic, while quite popular overall, was by far the most popular characteristic in Missouri, where it was suggested by 56% percent of the respondents. In Northeastern states it was suggested by 25% and in California by only 9% of the respondents. In Texas it was not offered at all. Adjectives such as nice and sociable were clearly the most popular in the responses from California and the Northeastern states, while nearly all the characteristics offered from Texas were negative, including words such as liars and cheaters.

There were hardly any differences between male and female respondents in terms of the self-suggested ”popular” characteristics; athletic and outgoing were the most popular adjectives among both genders. Female respondents were slightly more negative than male respondents; unfavorable attributes, such as slutty or dumb, were suggested by 14% of the female respondents and 11% of the male respondents.

Question 2: How do you think 'popularity' is (or was, if you are a graduate) defined in your high school? How would you describe a 'popular' student?

In the second question, respondents were asked to describe a popular student in their own words. Most often a popular person was perceived as someone who is well-known throughout the school and has a lot of friends. A popular student can hold a conversation with anyone and participates in several extracurricular activities. He or she is also usually fairly smart, athletic, good-looking, and confident. In short, a popular student was commonly thought to be someone who excels in class, sports, and social life. Some respondents expressed mild discontent with the fact that a popular person usually needs to be at least fairly good-looking and attractive, while it is more difficult for a different-looking, e.g. overweight, person to become popular.

There were also a few negative descriptions, although not many. Some respondents described popular students as being slightly standoffish and easily influenced by peer pressure, and noted that popular students generally spend time at a particular place on the school grounds, where other students are expected not to go. One respondent wrote that in her school, the popular students from each grade had their own, grade-specific ”cool spot” where they spent their time; going to an area that did not belong to one's own grade was not approved of unless one had siblings in, or was dating someone from, a different grade.

Similarly to this, the popular girls in Clueless and Mean Girls always sit at a specific table in the school cafeteria where only a select few are welcome. A few respondents believed that the popular group in their school had actually just given themselves the title of being ”popular,” while no one else treated them any differently.

There were no significant regional differences in the responses, although it could be pointed out that the answers from the Northeastern states were overall the most positive, with hardly any negative comments.

Male and female respondents answered this question quite similarly; both genders considered knowing a lot of people throughout the school to be the most important attribute of a popular student. However, there was a slight difference in the way male and female respondents perceived the criterion: male respondents in general thought that a popular student usually has an outgoing and sociable personality and is therefore able to make friends easily, thus having a lot of acquaintainces around the school; female respondents on the other hand emphasized the importance of being actively involved in school-related activities, such as the marching band or a sports team, and becoming well-known that way.

Question 3: Most film portrayals of high school popularity have focused on girls. In your opinion, are the popularity criteria for boys similar to or different from those for girls? Briefly, how and why?

The third question concerned the possible difference between boys and girls in terms of popularity criteria. Out of the 58 respondents, 24 (41%) thought that the popularity criteria for boys and girls are similar, whereas 29 respondents (50%) thought they are different. Five respondents (9%) did not answer this question.

The respondents who thought that the popularity criteria for boys and girls are similar wrote that both popular boys and popular girls need to be outgoing, good-looking, affluent, and well-known. Being athletic and having a good sense of fashion were also deemed important for both boys and girls.

The respondents who thought that the popularity criteria for boys and girls are different wrote that while girls emphasize appearance and clothing, boys are more concerned about being good at sports. The popularity criteria were said to be less strict for boys; unlike a girl, a boy does not necessarily have to be good-looking to be popular if he is funny or athletic. Several respondents wrote that boys have more liberty not only in terms of appearance, but also behaviour.

Regional comparison showed a remarkable difference in the responses between California and the other areas; while 50% of the Californian respondents considered the popularity criteria for boys and girls to be similar, only 18% in Missouri and 17% in the Northeastern states shared this idea. In general, Californian respondents thought that both popular boys and popular girls usually need to be fairly attractive, funny, outgoing, and friendly. The 38% of Californians who thought that the criteria were different, pointed out that girls' popularity is a bit more focused on attractiveness, while boys' popularity is based on having some sort of talent, such as athletic ability or musical skills.

Most respondents from Missouri and the Northeastern states, 82% and 75% respectively, considered popularity criteria to be different for boys and girls; a vast majority of respondents from both areas listed athletic ability as the single most important criterion of boys' popularity, while girls' criteria were more focused on appearance and material things such as clothing or make-up.

There were practically no differences between male and female respondents' answers to the third question. The majority of both genders considered the popularity criteria for boys and girls to be different; it was generally agreed that boys' popularity is usually based on athletic ability and girls' popularity is based on attractiveness. It was commonly thought that the popularity criteria are more strict for girls. Most male respondents considered boys to be altogether less concerned about who's popular and who's not, and several female respondents commented on boys having a lot more liberty in terms of their looks and behaviour without being in risk of losing status.

Question 4: Would you consider yourself to be a popular student? If 'yes,' why or in what sense? If 'no,' why not?

In the fourth question the respondents were asked to determine whether they thought themselves to be popular or not, and to explain their answer. A majority of 33 (57%) of the respondents did not consider themselves to be popular, while 25 (43%) did think of themselves as popular.

Most commonly the respondents who felt they were not popular thought this was because they did not know or were not known by very many people in their school, and only had a few close friends rather than a large number of acquaintances. Many respondents wrote that although they were popular among their own group of friends, they weren't popular throughout the whole school. Other, less-mentioned reasons included, for example, being too quiet or introverted, not being confident or noticeable enough, and being too involved in academics, i.e. ”nerdy.” A few respondents also wrote that their school does not really have a popular clique.

The respondents who considered themselves to be popular believed that the reason for their popularity is having a lot of friends and being able to get along with everyone without exclusion, being very outgoing and involved in different kinds of school activities, and being nice to others. Again, a large number of respondents mentioned being athletic and playing sports as one reason for being popular. Other reasons included, for example, having a good reputation among students and teachers alike, being open, dressing well, and being voted as the most popular student at a public event, such the Homecoming or Winter Formal.

There were no significant regional differences in the responses for the fourth question, although a slightly larger number of respondents did consider themselves to be popular in Missouri than in the other areas. This might be due to the fact that while other schools seemed to have a larger number of different criteria for popularity, in the Missouri school one just needed to be an athlete and play sports in order to be well-known and popular. When there are fewer criteria to meet, more people might feel justified in calling themselves ”popular.”

There was an interesting difference between male and female respondents in this question. Almost half of the male respondents, 46%, considered themselves to be popular, while only 38% of female respondents thought they belonged to the popular group. The explanations for both genders were mostly the same; the respondents who considered themselves to be popular thought this was because they had a lot of friends and had an outgoing personality; the respondents who did not consider themselves popular thought this was because did not know many people and were not well-known throughout their school. However, several female respondents wrote that while they considered themselves to be relatively well-known and well-liked in their school, they did not feel ”popular” because they were not personally acquainted with the particular group of students that were considered to be the ”popular” group.

Question 5: Do you feel popularity might be defined differently among the students in your school than in some neighboring schools? If so, how?

The fifth question concerned the possible difference in the definition of popularity between the respondent's own school and some other schools. This question was included because it could be assumed that respondents are able to talk more freely and objectively about schools and students they do not personally know; one might feel uncomfortable making possibly negative observations about one's own environment, but it may be easier to honestly assess other social settings.

Out of the 58 respondents, 27 (47%) believed that there was a difference in popularity between their own school and neighboring schools, and 21 (36%) thought there was no difference. However, ten respondents (17%) did not answer this question at all. Thus, the 27 who felt there was a difference between their own school and some neighboring schools actually comprised 56% of the 48 respondents who answered this question.

The most common difference between schools mentioned by the respondents was that each school has different cliques and little groups that form a unique social pattern, and therefore the typical popular student may be different from school to school. Many respondents also pointed out that popularity might depend on what each school values; in a school that is academically competitive, academically successful students would be the popular ones; in a school that is good at sports, the popular group would be athletes.

Popularity might also be defined differently between schools that are situated in economically different areas, or between schools that differ from each other in size. Many respondents wrote that in a small school everybody knows everybody, and therefore a ”popular” clique in the ”conventional” sense often portrayed by popular media does not exist.

Respondents from Missouri emphasized the differences between smaller and larger schools a bit more than respondents from California, the Northeastern states or Texas, but otherwise there were no regional differences in the responses.

A majority of both male and female respondents thought that popularity was defined differently in their school and other schools, but female respondents attributed the differences between schools to different cliques and social groups more often than male respondents, who emphasized differences in affluence and school size.

Question 6: Do you consider the following statements to be true or false?

In the sixth question, the respondents were asked to determine whether they considered the following eight statements to be true or false:

  1. Being popular means being the center of public attention.
  2. Popular students only associate with other popular students.
  3. Associating with an unpopular student may cause a popular student to lose status.
  4. Being ”noticed” by a popular student can remarkably raise one's social status.
  5. Popular students are the fashion icons of their school. Their style is copied by other students.
  6. Popular students usually have a lot of money.
  7. Being popular does not necessarily mean being well-liked.
  8. A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity: popular students may be expected to act and behave a certain way in order to maintain their high social status.

The statements with their respective responses (”true” or ”false”) can be viewed in the table below.

Statement True False
1. Being popular means being the center of public attention. 55% 45%
2. Popular students only associate with other popular students. 26% 74%
3. Associating with an unpopular student may cause a popular student to lose status. 14% 86%
4. Being "noticed" by a popular student can remarkably raise one's social status. 43% 57%
5. Popular students are the fashion icons of their school. 40% 60%
6. Popular students usually have a lot of money. 36% 64%
7. Being popular does not necessarily mean being well-liked 81% 19%
8. A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity. 50% 50%
  • Statement 1 (”Being popular means being the center of public attention”) was considered to be true by 32 respondents (55%) and false by 26 respondents (45%).
  • Statement 2 (”Popular students only associate with other popular students”) was considered to be true by 15 respondents (26%) and false by 43 respondents (74%).
  • Statement 3 (”Associating with an unpopular student may cause a popular student to lose status”) was considered to be true by 8 respondents (14%) and false by 50 respondents (86%).
  • Statement 4 (”Being 'noticed' by a popular student can remarkably raise one's social status”) was considered to be true by 25 respondents (43%) and false by 33 respondents (57%).
  • Statement 5 (”Popular students are the fashion icons of their school”) was considered to be true by 23 respondents (40%) and false by 35 respondents (60%).
  • Statement 6 (”Popular students usually have a lot of money”) was considered to be true by 21 respondents (36%) and false by 37 respondents (64%).
  • Statement 7 (”Being popular does not necessarily mean being well-liked”) was considered to be true by 47 respondents (81%) and false by 11 respondents (19%).
  • Statement 8 (”A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity”) was considered to be true by 29 respondents (50%) and false by 29 respondents (50%).

Out of the eight statements, numbers 2 (”Popular students only associate with other popular students”) and 3 (”Associating with an unpopular student may cause a popular student to lose status”) were most clearly thought to be false, and number 7 (”Being popular does not necessarily mean being well-liked”) most clearly thought to be true. The other statements were a bit more evenly assessed, number 8 (”A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity”) dividing the respondents exactly in half.

There was some regional variation in the responses. Statements 1 and 2 (”Being popular means being the center of public attention” and ”Popular students only associate with other popular students”) were considered to be true by a significantly smaller number of respondents in Missouri than in the other areas. The reason for this difference might, again, be the small size of the Missouri school; in a social environment where everyone knows everyone, a particular person or group of people whose actions everyone follows and who only associates with certain people is less likely to exist. While statement 3 (”Associating with an unpopular student may cause a popular student to lose status”) had some support from both California and Missouri, it was considered to be false by all respondents from the Northeastern states and Texas. Statement 5 (”Popular students are the fashion icons of their school”) got more support in Missouri than the other areas.

There were some interesting differences between male and female respondents: statements 2 (”Popular students only associate with other popular students”), 5 (”Popular students are the fashion icons of their school”), and 7 (”Being popular does not necessarily mean being well-liked”) were significantly more popular among female than male respondents. Many respondents mentioned in some of their answers that popularity overall is a bigger issue for girls than boys; girls are more concerned about who's popular and who's not. Perhaps girls therefore pay more attention to the ”barrier” between popular and unpopular students, which might explain why statement 2 was more often chosen by girls than boys. Girls were also said to pay more attention to clothes and fashion, which might explain the fifth statement's popularity.

Statement 7 being more preferred among female than male respondents might have something to do with the definition of popularity; boys considered having lots of friends and being well-known because of that to be the most important criterion for being popular. Girls, on the other hand, stressed the importance of being involved in different kinds of activities at school and being well-known and popular because of that. In this type of popularity being well-liked might not be as relevant as it is in making and having friends.

Statements 4 (”Being 'noticed' by a popular student can remarkably raise one's social status”) and 8 (”A lot of social pressure and expectations are connected to popularity”) were more popular among male than female respondents. The popularity of statement 8 among male respondents was a bit surprising; most respondents had earlier agreed that the popularity criteria are a lot more strict for girls than boys, and therefore it might have been expected that girls would connect more pressure and expectations to the concept of popularity. Perhaps male respondents felt that the pressure and expectations are connected to sports; popular boys are nearly always expected to be strong and successful athletes, which might create a sense of stress.

Question 7: Is the way high school life was presented in films such as Mean Girls, 10 Things I Hate About You and Clueless similar to how it is (or was) in your high school?

In the seventh question the respondents were directly asked to compare certain high school-themed films with their own experience. A clear minority of only 8 respondents (14%) considered high school life in films to be similar to how it is in their own school; 50 respondents (86%) thought it was different. A few respondents had not seen any of the films listed.

The respondents who considered cinematic high school life to be similar to their own experiences wrote that, much like in the films, real high schools also have cliques: people are naturally separated into smaller groups according to their interests or social status. Some respondents also wrote that, similarly to the films, popular students are a standoffish group who are somehow separate from the rest of the student body. A few respondents wrote that popular girls can often be just as mean and conniving as they are portrayed to be in the films. Other similarities mentioned between the films and reality included similar clothing, cliques, and girls who are mean-spirited.

Nearly all the respondents who thought that high school life in films differs from how it is in reality considered most high school films to be exaggerated and overly dramatic. According to the respondents, students are not mean to each other like they are in the films, but are usually cordial and accepting. Popular students are not evil or bad and they do not strive to ensure a social pecking order.

One respondent wrote that a social hierarchy does not really exist; there are only people who are outgoing and well-known and people who are less outgoing and less well-known. Most respondents thought that although students usually are divided into smaller groups of varying social status, it is perfectly normal for students from different groups to interact with each other.

However, there were a few respondents who wrote that even though life in their own high school was not at all similar to the way it was represented in the films, it would probably be so in some other, often larger, schools.

There were no regional differences in the responses. Male and female respondents also answered this question very similarly, although a slightly larger number of female respondents considered high school life to be similar to how it is portrayed in the films. Otherwise the majority of both genders thought that their own high school experiences were not relatable to the films.

Question 8: Are there other films you feel would describe your high school experience more realistically than the ones cited in this questionnaire? If so, could you please list their titles and briefly describe how you feel they are more realistic?

In the eighth question, the respondents were asked to list films which they thought might be considered more realistic than the ones analyzed for this paper. Only 11 respondents (19%) suggested a film or several films that were more realistic in their opinion. Eighteen respondents (31%) replied that they could not think of any such film, and 29 respondents (50%) did not answer this question at all. Many respondents who could not think of a more realistic film considered most high school films to be too dramatic and exaggerated to be really relatable.

The 11 respondents who did have suggestions for more realistic films listed the following movies: The Breakfast Club (1985), Varsity Blues (1999), Bring It On and its four sequels (2000-2009), Friday Night Lights (2004), suggested by 2 respondents, Speak (2004), Coach Carter (2005), Glory Road (2006), Superbad (2007), suggested by 2 respondents, and Juno (2007). Two television series were also offered; Gilmore Girls (2000-2007) and The Hills (2006-).

One interesting point that came up in the regional comparison of the responses was that all the sports-themed films in the above list were suggested by Missouri respondents; this was consistent with the fact that in question 2, which concerned the typical characteristics for popular students, athletic was by far the most popular in Missouri [see Note 3].

Exaggeration And Dramatisation Make High School Films Unrelatable

It may be concluded on the basis of the questionnaire conducted for this paper that the way high school life and popularity are presented in films such as Mean Girls, 10 Things I Hate About You or Clueless cannot be considered realistic. Even though these films often contain realistic elements, those elements are grossly exaggerated and often overly sensational. Furthermore, the several negative attributes given to popular students in the films, such as unkindness or conceitedness, do not seem to be usually associated with ”real life” popular students.

According to the majority of the respondents, a popular student is someone who is friendly, approachable, and smart; in the films, popular students were mostly presented as conceited, mean-spirited, and occasionally a little stupid. Most of the respondents felt that a real popular student has a lot of friends and is well-known in his or her school, often due to being actively involved in different kinds of activities around the school environment, but he or she does not use this socially influential status to spite or manipulate other students.

There were, however, some elements in the films that, according to the respondents, can also be found in real high schools; popular students are usually attractive, well-known and socially influential, just as they are in the films. They are often the center of public attention and not always the most well-liked. Furthermore, popular students may sometimes, like they do in the films, constitute a group that is somehow separate from the rest of the student body. Nevertheless, nearly all of these similarities between the films and real high school life were mentioned with certain reservations; it was commonly thought that although the films may have some truth in them, these 'truths' are too dramatic and overstated to be truly relatable.

In conclusion it may be said, as one of the respondents put it, that in real schools friends are made by being nice and affable; being manipulative or controlling will most definitely not make a person popular. Therefore, it seems probable that the exaggerated and mean-spirited image of high school life and popularity given by many high school films is not even meant to be realistic; rather the exaggerated and overly-negative portrayal is a dramatic device intended to attract the audience's interest and curiosity more effectively.

Notes:

  1. North Shore High School is the name of the school that Cady and her friends go to.

  2. US Weekly is an American celebrity gossip magazine that was founded in 1977.

  3. Responses from three basic regions (East, Midwest, West) were solicited by contacting (a) a classroom instructor at a high school in Silicon Valley, California, who encouraged her students to respond; (b) a male high school student in Boonville, Missouri, who encouraged his classmates to respond; (c) a female high school student in suburban Washington, D.C., who encouraged a group of her friends to respond; and (d) a group of recent high school graduates from Texas. The responses which came from additional states are assumed to have been informed of the questionnaire by members of one of the 4 groups who had been contacted directly. Groups A-C were arranged by the supervising instructor for the paper; Group D was contacted by the author.

    The male student in Missouri was an athlete on his school's track and field (athletics) team, and it is probable that many of his classmates who responded were also athletes. This has probably influenced the sports-orientation of the Missouri responses, as well as the identification of athletic achievement and popularity in their responses.

  4. A copy of the web questionnaire is included in the appendices.

Works Cited

  • 10 Things I Hate About You. Written by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith. Dir. Gil Junger. Perf. Joseph Gordon-Lewitt, Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Larissa Oleynik, David Krumholtz, Andrew Keegan, Susan May Pratt. Produced by Andrew Lazar. 1999. Video Cassette. Touchstone Pictures, 2000.

  • Clueless. Written by Amy Heckerling, based on a novel by Jane Austen. Dir. Amy Heckerling. Perf. Alicia Silverstone, Stacey Dash, Brittany Murphy, Paul Rudd, Breckin Meyer, Jeremy Sisto, Justin Walker. Produced by Robert Lawrence and Scott Rudin. 1995. DVD. Paramount Pictures, 2007.

  • Mean Girls. Written by Tina Fey, based on a book by Rosalind Wiseman. Dir. Mark Waters. Perf. Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Tim Meadows, Amy Poehler, Ana Gasteyer, Lacey Chabert, Lizzy Caplan, Daniel Franzese. Produced by Lorne Michaels and Tony Shimkin. 2004. DVD. Paramount Pictures, 2009.

Appendices

  1. Survey Questions (PDF)
  2. Survey Sample Answers (PDF)

Followup Report


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Last Updated 25 October 2010